Publications

The Geoeconomic Interconnectivity Index (GEOII) measures for the first time, on the basis of 43 indicators grouped into the sub-indices trade, finance and policy, how closely the EU is interconnected with its neighbourhoods. It also compares these results with the...

This policy brief investigates how the EU’s indirect-land-use-change (ILUC) rules—embedded in the Deforestation-Free Products Regulation (EUDR), the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) and the earlier Timber Regulation (EUTR)—spill over into the EU’s neighbourhood. By...

NATO’s proposed 1.5% spending target for non-military, yet defence-related, domains

could advance Europe’s civil preparedness and resilience – but only if clearly defined and

strategically implemented. Drawing on institutional analysis and country examples, this

brief...