Publications

Like other OECD countries, New Zealand has been experiencing high inflation rates due in part to increased government spending during the COVID-19 pandemic, global supply chain disruptions, near-full employment and geopolitical conflicts. Although inflation levels in New...

Norway is a consolidated multiparty democracy with a parliamentary constitution, where the rule of law guarantees undamental civil and political rights. Policymaking is transparent, and corruption is minimal.

Denmark’s democracy is robust and is characterized by a high level of political stability. Elections are conducted in an open and democratic manner, and anti-democratic movements remain fringe phenomena.

In December 2023, Poland’s conservative government concluded its de facto eight-year rule, marking the end of a period characterized by profound systemic changes. These changes began with an unprecedented challenge to the state’s foundational principles, resulting in...

In many respects, Estonia has successfully established a sustainable democracy. Civil rights and the rule of law are strong, the plurality of opinion in politics and civil society is effective, and both national and household wealth are increasing over the long term.

The period under review began with developments that gave rise to optimism in Portugal. First, the country entered 2022 as one of the most vaccinated nations in the world against COVID-19, with 83.5% of its population fully vaccinated by January 14, 2022. Second, Portugal...

A significant shift in sustainable governance occurred in Finland when Sanna Marin’s center-left government was replaced by Petteri Orpo’s right-wing government in June 2023. Marin’s government was known for placing a strong emphasis on ecological and social sustainability,...

The period under review (January 15, 2022 – January 15, 2024) was marked by significant turbulence in the Slovak Republic. The performance of the OĽaNO government began to deteriorate in the summer of 2022 due to internal conflicts within the ruling coalition, particularly...

France is an average country in Europe with respect to its sustainable governance performance. Despite the continuing rise of the extreme-right party National Rally and continuous debates about the leadership style of President Emmanuel Macron, democratic institutions are...

From January 2022 to January 2024, Slovenia experienced several significant political events. Regular elections to the National Assembly took place in April 2022, followed by presidential and local elections, as well as three nationwide referendums in the autumn. All these...